Vitamin D deficiency also closely relates to the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, a key factor in the development of NAFLD. Apr 2, 2023 · Abstract Aims/hypothesis: The EFFECT-II study aimed to investigate the effects of dapagliflozin and omega-3 (n-3) carboxylic acids (OM-3CA), individually or combined, on liver fat content in individuals with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Aliment Pharmacol Ther. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and involves insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In MASLD, too much fat builds up in the liver. Accordingly, diet-induced non-alcoholic/alcoholic fatty liver disease is most consistently promoted in 129Sv mice compared to C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice. 1 day ago · For an otherwise healthy 53-year-old female with mild fatty liver disease, implement immediate lifestyle modifications targeting 7-10% weight loss through Mediterranean-style diet and ≥150 minutes weekly of moderate-intensity exercise, screen annually for diabetes with HbA1c, assess cardiovascular risk factors, and reassess liver fibrosis Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition, characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver of individuals who consume little to no alcohol. This study intends to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of probiotics in the treatment of NAFLD through a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. The aim was to assess the efficacy and accuracy of both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transient elastography (TE) for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis. ; Kurosaki, M. 2018;48 (11–12):1260–70. The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) measures disease activity by considering grades of steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning and ranges from 0 to 8. Conclusion: NAFLD is associated with significant alterations in liver function, metabolic profile, and oxidative stress markers. We compared the performance of the FIB4 index (based on age, aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT] levels, and platelet counts) with 6 other non-invasive markers of The spectrum of NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which involves inflammation and liver cell damage, and can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Akero Therapeutics, Inc Active, not recruiting A Study Evaluating Efruxifermin in Subjects With Non-invasively Diagnosed Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis (MASH) and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) NASH/MASH | NAFLD/MASLD Oct 1, 2025 · NAFLD patients have increased risk of death, with a high risk ofdeath from cardiovascular disease and liver‐related disease, and the NAS was not able to predict overall mortality, whereas fibrosis stage predicted both overall and disease‐specific mortality. 2020: IV. 1% Sirius red in saturated picric acid) for 60 Summary Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the emerging global health problems due to an increase of burden worldwide. FIGURE 1 Nonlinear association between the frequency of weekly consumption of spicy foods and the risk of NAFLD/MASLD as well as liver fibrosis. The associations were evaluated using multi-variable Cox regression models with restricted cubic splines. 2 Epidemiologi Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalensi NAFLD meningkat secara cepat di seluruh dunia dan sebanding Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a significant and growing global health burden, with a pressing need for effective therapeutic interventions. Nov 16, 2021 · Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes the most common liver disease worldwide, and is frequently linked to the metabolic syndrome. 2 days ago · Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Drug Market size is projected to reach USD 28. It combines six readily available clinical and laboratory variables: age, BMI, presence of diabetes, AST, ALT, platelet count, and Aug 23, 2022 · Doctors use the NAFLD fibrosis score to predict how much scarring there is in the liver. Diagnosing MASLD and MASH typically includes assessing cardiometabolic factors, blood tests, imaging studies, and liver biopsies. The pathophysiology of NAFLD/NASH is complex, involving metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Feb 22, 2025 · Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease renamed as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and a global health issue that causes excessive liver fat deposition without alcohol usage. 2 Epidemiologi Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalensi NAFLD meningkat secara cepat di seluruh dunia dan sebanding Fatty liver disease especially Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) — is becoming one of the most common lifestyle-related health problems in India. This NAFLD fibrosis score calculator identifies liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dec 20, 2025 · # **溺 Fatty Liver Breakthrough: New Hope for Liver Health 溺 ** Millions of people are affected by fatty liver disease, often without realizing it until fatigue, inflammation, or abnormal lab results 2. Do not use routine liver blood tests to assess for advanced liver fibrosis in people Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): assessment and management (NG49) Background and Aim: Accumulating clinical and epidemiologic evidence indicates that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not only associated with liver-related morbidity and mortality, but also with a greater risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Characteristics such as smoking status and total number of pack years were collected. Fatty liver disease especially Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) — is becoming one of the most common lifestyle-related health problems in India. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 100 patients demonstrated a significant reduction in liver transaminases after 24 weeks of treatment with 280 mg of silymarin daily. 4 days ago · Tracking the Rate of Liver Damage Doctors use a combination of non-invasive tools to track the progression of liver damage, allowing for ongoing monitoring without the risks of surgery. Jan 27, 2023 · The intestinal flora is closely related to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Different stages of liver damage Fatty liver (FL) is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia), but can also be due to any one of many causes: [15][16] Alcohol Alcohol use disorder is one of the causes of fatty liver due to production of toxic metabolites like aldehydes during metabolism of alcohol in the liver. Investigation of whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NAFLD-FS) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) are associated with CVEs in a large cohort with long-term follow-up indicated that both scores were not only significantly related to coronary severity but also associated with CAC and CVEs. This phenomenon most Abstract Objective Liver biopsy is the most accurate method for determining stage and grade of injury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sep 27, 2023 · What is steatotic (fatty) liver disease? Steatotic liver disease (SLD) includes several conditions associated with steatosis in your liver. Dec 12, 2025 · Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a liver condition that affects people with excess weight, obesity or other metabolic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Jan 9, 2026 · NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease CVD: Cardiovascular disease CKD: Chronic kidney disease eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate BMI: Body mass index WC: Waist circumference HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin TG: Triglyceride HDL: High-density lipoprotein AST: Aspartate aminotransferase ALT: Alanine aminotransferase NFS: NAFLD fibrosis score Mar 27, 2020 · Increased visceral fat predicts both the presence of hepatic fibrosis in HIV patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and also its progression, according to a report at the Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections. Additionally, we analyzed genomic data based on identical fibrosis grades and compared cases with identical NAS and fibrosis scores. It also covers the therapeutics assessment by May 30, 2022 · Background: The objective of this study is to retrospectively analyze the correlation between the thyroid hormones and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with normal thyroid function. Supporting: 10, Contrasting: 1, Mentioning: 267 - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), comprising a spectrum of conditions ranging from pure steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, has reached epidemic proportions and represents the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the community. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic disease with several degrees of histological features which may progress to cirrhosis. 1. The potent rationale for inhibiting HSD17B13 stems from robust human genetic studies demonstrating that loss-of-function variants in the HSD17B13 gene are associated with a reduced risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol-related liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 3 days ago · The effects of metabolic status on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related outcomes, beyond the presence of obesity. NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; NFS, NAFLD Fibrosis Score; FIB-4 3 days ago · An Observational Study of Reduction in Glycemic Parameters and Liver Stiffness by Saroglitazar 4 mg in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Oxidative stress analysis revealed higher malondialdehyde and lower SOD and catalase in NAFLD patients. If left untreated, NAFLD can progress to Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), where liver inflammation begins. May 4, 2025 · Has anyone had a enlarged spleen with fatty liver disease Members of the Reverse Fatty Liver Support Group discuss their experiences with enlarged spleen and fatty liver disease, sharing personal Apr 2, 2023 · Abstract Objective: Limited literature has examined the epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and fibrosis among young adults in Egypt, a country with one of the highest obesity rates globally. 1 day ago · When liver biopsy is performed, several validated scoring systems exist: NAFLD Activity Score (NAS): An unweighted composite of steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning scores used primarily in clinical trials 1 SAF score: A semiquantitative system consisting of steatosis amount, activity (lobular inflammation plus ballooning), and Previously known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterized by liver cell damage or inflammation histologically (on biopsy), but fatty infiltration is usually also present as opposed to MASLD, which is characterized only by fatty infiltration of the liver. Characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning, NASH can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Learn when it's used, how the score is calculated, and how to interpret results. Read the article below to find out more about NAFLD Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), [a] is a type of chronic liver disease. [1][2] GLP-1 RAs, initially developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, have shown promise in addressing the multifaceted pathology Background & Aims: Relationship between gallstones and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and largely non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is uncertain. Between 2010 and 2021, India recorded a 13. “Steatosis” is a term healthcare providers use to describe fat buildup in an organ (usually your liver). There are several liver conditions that are defined under this term which includes steatosis which is or not accompanied by various degrees of inflammation and cannot be appointed to alcohol co Abstract Objective The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS) is comprised of unique metabolic risk indicators that may accurately predict residual cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with established coronary disease and metabolic dysfunction. Abstract Background and aims Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Basic fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sirius Red Staining for Fibrosis Quantification: Deparaffinize and rehydrate the tissue sections. The NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) Fibrosis Score estimates amount of scarring in the liver based on several laboratory tests. 4 days ago · Risk Stratification for Advanced Disease Noninvasive Fibrosis Assessment Use clinical decision aids to identify patients at high risk for advanced fibrosis who warrant liver biopsy 1: NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) or FIB-4 index are the most validated tools 1, 5 Vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) can supplement clinical scores 1 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represent a growing global health crisis. Incubate the slides in Picro-Sirius red solution (0. 3 days ago · No shortcuts—go slow and steady,” he wrote. Nov 6, 2025 · DelveInsight’s, “Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pipeline Insight 2025” report provides comprehensive insights about 90+ companies and 100+ pipeline drugs in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease pipeline landscape. 2 The NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) is commonly used to grade the histological severity Introduction Nowadays Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an emerging health issue in adultsand children. MASLD, formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), can lead to severe liver dysfunction if it’s not caught early and managed appropriately. Methods and Results: This was an individual patient data meta-analysis of 1780 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and T2D. Sep 13, 2025 · Conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are increasingly common in people with type 2 diabetes. It estimates the progression of scarring in the liver based on a few laboratory tests, can be used to predict the risk of end-stage liver disease and can evaluate the progression or stabilization of said liver disease. There is a need for a reliable and inexpensive noninvasive marker of hepatic fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 2 percent increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cases. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), also called alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. It has been known that NAFLD is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome. Find out how often FibroScan is recommended for fatty liver disease. Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. Summary To assess the influence of smoking on histological disease severity and fibrosis in real-world NAFLD patients. According to the Union health ministry, the prevalence of the condition could be 5 days ago · Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represents the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A healthy, high-functioning liver contains a small amount of fat. The prevalence of NAFLD has been estimated to be between 20% and 30% in the general TABLE 3 Subgroup analysis of the risk associated with NAFLD/MASLD based on the frequency of weekly consumption of spicy foods. Simple blood test panels are commonly used to calculate risk scores, such as the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index and the NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS). NAFLD is characterized by steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis, which can develop into NASH. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web. As proof of concept, we revealed that the repression of LRP6 by miR-182-5p, which promotes lipogenesis and impairs glucose homeostasis, provides a novel mechanistic link between T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and demonstrate in vivo that miR-182-5p can serve as a future drug target for the treatment of obesity-driven hepatic steatosis. Obesity is an important risk factor and although NAFLD has no specific pharmacological treatment, bariatric surgery has been associated with NAFLD regression in severely obese patients. NAFLD includes two pathologically distinct condi-tions with different prognoses: non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); the latter covers a wide spectrum of disease severity, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Table 2). Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) In patients with NAFLD, silibinin has shown promise in improving liver biochemistry. 08 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 4. Anyone ever had fatty liver at 360, which they saybis stage 3 and no liver scarring? Also has anyone tried the new medication that just came out? Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), presents a significant and growing global health challenge. Imaging showed 44% with simple steatosis, 37% with non-fibrotic NASH, and 19% with NASH with fibrosis. The index tests of interest were FIB-4, NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by vibration-controlled transient elastography, and AGILE 3+. Patients with NAFLD/NASH have increased ductular reaction (DR) and biliary senescence. Learn monitoring intervals for NAFLD, NASH, and liver fibrosis progression. Role of research is vital due to the multifaceted, complex He, Q. The best way to know if you’re at risk is to calculate your FIB-4 score, which includes your age, liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT), and platelet count. A block of clinical recommendations for the management of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a section on the features of management of patients with NAFLD and concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the pathogenetic connections of the formation of CKD in patients with NAFLD are presented. A pathologist can then score the slides for steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning to determine the NAFLD Activity Score (NAS). This technical guide provides a comprehensive overview of the role of Hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and the therapeutic potential of its inhibition, using data from representative potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors. Furthermore, the hepatic lipid profile as well as the fatty acid composition of 129Sv mice were considerably altered, upon feeding the different dietary regimens. Dec 31, 2025 · Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an important cause of hepatic related morbidity and mortality due to its spectrum from simple hepatic steatosis to fibrosis/cirrhosis; latter alter the hepatic vascular hemodynamics particularly of hepatic artery. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. 4, 3 Practical Clinical Algorithm Oct 30, 2025 · Globally, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects more than one quarter of the adult population. Summary Noninvasive methods have been used for the assessment of hepatic steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The disease spectrum ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In western Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) answers are found in the 5-Minute Clinical Consult powered by Unbound Medicine. Find 57+ Thousand Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Illustration stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, 3D objects, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. Jun 10, 2022 · What is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and how does it progress? NAFLD (non alcoholic fatty liver disease) is characterised by an abnormal accumulation of intrahepatic fat in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption. Jul 27, 2025 · The NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) is a non-invasive assessment tool designed to estimate the likelihood of advanced liver scarring (stages F3-F4) in individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and involves dysregulated lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition, histologically ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given risks and limitations of biopsy, non-invasive tests such as NAFLD fibrosis score, aspartate transaminase (AST) to platelet ratio index, Fib-4, AST/alanine transaminase ratio and BARD are used. . Diagnostic accuracy and prognostic significance of blood fibrosis tests and liver stiffness measurement by FibroScan in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Journal of Hepatology, 2016 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most prevalent chronic liver disease in Western countries, affecting approximately 25% of the adult population. We assessed the prevalence of steatosis and fibrosis among college students in Egypt. 2020: Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-125b-5p promotes liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via integrin α8-mediated activation of RhoA signaling pathwayMetabolism, Clinical and Experimental 104: 154140 Tamaki, N. 3 days ago · Concurrent alcohol consumption (unless meeting criteria for alcohol-associated liver disease) Viral hepatitis Other coexisting liver diseases This represents a fundamental departure from NAFLD criteria, which mandated exclusion of "significant" alcohol intake and other liver diseases. The progression of NAFLD is a complex and multifactorial mechanism. It covers the Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease pipeline drug profiles, including clinical and nonclinical stage products. Over time, this inflammation can lead to scarring of the liver, known as fibrosis. It is characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation, associated with insulin resistance and defined as the histological presence of steatosis in >5% hepatocytes. The latter represents a clustering of related cardio-metabolic components, which are often observed in patients with NAFLD and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, which can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. To study the effects of Resveratrol supplement on lipid profile, liver enzymes, inflammatory factors and hepatic fibrosis in patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver (NAfLD), 50 patients who referred to Gastrointestinal (GI) clinic with steatosis grade 1 or more will be randomly allocated to receive 1 Resveratrol capsules or placebos for 12 weeks Background and Aim: Accumulating clinical and epidemiologic evidence indicates that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not only associated with liver-related morbidity and mortality, but also with a greater risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Consecutive NAFLD patients were identified with liver biopsies performed between 2008 and 2015. It is a condition with similar histology with alcoholic liver disease but without any history of alcohol intake and the disease,the spectrum includes nonalcoholic fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma1-3. OBJECTIVES: Obesity and dyslipidaemia are the major risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and are known to increase cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in NAFLD patients. A liver biopsy remains the reference standard for diagnosing MASH, crucial for evaluating steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, though its use is limited due to its invasive nature. - "Association between spicy food consumption and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and liver fibrosis" Aug 15, 2025 · This study investigates the association of platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet distribution width (PDW) with liver fibrosis and hepatic inflammatory activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and evaluate their noninvasive biomarker potential. Oct 9, 2025 · Vitamins and supplements for fatty liver disease (MASLD) Lifestyle habits and self-care steps — such as reaching a healthy weight, eating well and staying active — are the most effective ways to manage metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While it’s often symptomless in early stages, if left untreated, it can lead to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. Jul 10, 2025 · What is the NAFLD Fibrosis Score? The NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) is a widely used and validated clinical scoring system designed to identify patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who are at high risk for advanced liver fibrosis (stages F3-F4). Advanced fibrosis results in cirrhosis, which severely affects liver function. This is a health tool that assesses the level of fibrosis, scarring of the liver, consistent with the existence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MASH is characterized by hepatocyte dysfunction, steatohepatitis, and inflammation. This research aimed to explore the association between spicy food consumption and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and liver fibrosis.

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